4^th International Conference on Ear Nose & Throat June 14-15, 2022 Osaka, Japan

Acoustic  phonetics is the study of the acoustic characteristics of speech. Speech consists of variations in air pressure that results from physical disturbances of air molecules caused by the flow of air out of the lungs. This airflow makes the air molecules alternately crowd together and move apart (oscillate), creating increases and decreases, respectively, in air pressure. The resulting sound wave transmits these changes in pressure from speaker to hearer. Sound waves can be described in terms of physical properties such as cycle, period, frequency, and amplitude. These concepts are most easily illustrated when considering a simple wave corresponding to a pure tone

Hearing Assistive Technology (HAT) can dramatically improve the lives of people with hearing loss. Assistive listening systems and devices bridge the gap between you and the sound source by eliminating the effects of distance, background noise, and reverberation. Hearing aid technology has improved a lot over the past few decades, but at their core, hearing aids have always been designed with four basic parts: a microphone, a processor, a receiver and a power source. The microphone picks up the sounds in your environment and passes it to the processor. The processor enhances the signal and delivers it to the receiver which delivers the amplified signal to the ear canal.

The removal of cerumen from the external auditory canal by the utilization of methods and techniques performed in accordance with minimum standards and procedures established in the audiological profession. Impacted cerumen removal is the extraction of hardened or accumulated cerumen (ear wax) from the external auditory canal by mechanical means, such as irrigation or debridement.

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organism's body. Most animals and plants have organs, which are self-contained groups of tissues such as the heart that work together to perform one function. Humans and other mammals have many organ systems.

The nasal cavity is above the roof of the mouth (called the palate) and surrounded by the paranasal sinuses. It joins with the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat (pharynx) at the back of the mouth. The nasopharynx is an air-containing cavity that occupies the uppermost extent of the aero digestive tract. The roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx are formed by the sphenoid sinus, the clivus, and anterior aspect of the first two cervical vertebrae.

The oral cavity represents the first part of the digestive tube. Its primary function is to serve as the entrance of the alimentary tract and to initiate the digestive process by salivation and propulsion of the alimentary bolus into the pharynx. The palatine tonsils are the ones that are located near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue, which also places them near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. The neck is the start of the spinal column and spinal cord. The spinal column contains about two dozen inter-connected, oddly shaped, bony segments, called vertebrae. The neck contains seven of these, known as the cervical vertebrae.

The hypopharynx (rare plural: hypopharynges or hypopharynxes) or laryngopharynx forms the most inferior portion of the pharynx, being the continuation of the oropharynx superiorly and both the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. It also forms part of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. The hypopharynx is the entrance into the esophagus (the tube that connects your throat to your stomach). When you swallow foods and liquids, they pass through your throat to your stomach.

The major salivary glands are easily identified on routine imaging and contribute to many of the important deep neck spaces of the suprahyoid neck. The minor salivary glands are poorly visualized on routine imaging, but can also give rise to salivary pathology anywhere along the aero digestive tract. Minor salivary glands are a subset of the salivary glands. They are small and unnamed salivary glandular tissue scattered throughout the oral cavity and oropharynx as well as more widely in the mucosa of the aero digestive tract.

Nasal congestion can be caused by anything that irritates or inflames the nasal tissues. Infections, such as colds, flu or sinusitis and allergies are frequent causes of nasal congestion and runny nose. Sometimes a congested and runny nose can be caused by irritants such as tobacco smoke and car exhaust.

Pharyngeal cancer includes cancer of the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose), the oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx), and the hypopharynx (the bottom part of the pharynx). Cancer of the larynx (voice box) may also be included as a type of pharyngeal cancer. These cancers are almost always glottis (vocal cord) cancers that are found early because of voice changes. They are nearly always curable with either endoscopic surgery or radiation therapy.

Otorhinolaryngology is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngology’s for diseases of the ear, nose, and throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing.

The pharynx is a conductive structure located in the midline of the neck. It is the main structure, in addition to the oral cavity, shared by two organ systems, i.e., the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the respiratory system, the pharynx, commonly called the throat, is a muscular, funnel-shaped passageway inside the body. It connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus (leading to the stomach) and larynx (leading to the trachea and then lungs).

The pharynx, usually called the throat, is part of the respiratory system and digestive system. It carries air, food and fluid down from the nose and mouth. The pharynx, commonly called the throat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity.

Pharyngeal abnormalities include mucoceles, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, abscess, soft palate defects, dysphagias, tumors, and non-neoplastic proliferative diseases such as epoxides, viral papillomatosis, canine oral eosinophilic granulomas, feline plasmas cell stomatitis-pharyngitis, and nasopharyngeal polyps The most distinguishing feature of dysphagia due to pharyngeal causes is the misdirection of food into the nose or the lungs, resulting in the complaint of nasal regurgitation of food and choking and coughing during swallowing.